August 2, 2024

Mahmuda Tabassum 

12th Grade

BAF SEMC

Over the years, extensive research has consistently shown that cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Despite significant advances in technology and medicine, a definitive cure for cancer still eludes us. As our knowledge and understanding of cancer continue to expand, so does our ability to adapt and coexist with the disease. The development of cancer can be attributed to errors or abnormalities in genes. Genes, which are specific segments of DNA responsible for encoding proteins, are prone to changes that lead to the uncontrolled production of abnormal cells through a process called mutation. This mutation process can result in the transformation of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes, which are activated genes with the potential to spur the development of cancer.

Aside from environmental factors such as high doses of radiation and smoking cigarettes are significant culprits in the development of cancer. Continuous exposure to high levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation can disrupt the blueprint contained in genes, leading to mutations. Different wavelengths of radiation can have varying effects; for example, short wavelengths can impede DNA replication or induce mutations after faulty repair. Cigarette smoking plays a substantial role in causing gene mutations. Cigarette smoke contains approximately 7000 chemicals, over 70 of which are confirmed carcinogens. One extensively studied carcinogen found in cigarette smoke is benzo[a]pyrene (BP), a potent DNA disruptor known to induce mutations that lead to cancer.

The development of cancer can also be influenced by inherited genetic factors. Children can inherit abnormal copies of genes from their parents, increasing the risk of developing cancer. These abnormal genes can predispose normal cells to transform into cancerous cells. The progression of cancer involves uncontrolled and rapid cell division, leading to the formation of malignant tumors. In cancer development, tumor suppressor genes may become ineffective, and the signals that regulate abnormal cell growth may be disregarded. Telomerase, an enzyme usually not very active in normal cells, becomes highly active in cancerous cells, preventing cell death and allowing cancer cells to perpetually grow. Additionally, the gene p53, crucial in preventing cancer advancement, plays a role in detecting DNA damage and initiating repair mechanisms. The p53 gene can also limit blood flow to tumors, which prevents growth and alerts nearby immune cells to attack cancer cells. These impaired p53 functions can lead to the accumulation of genetic errors and unchecked cell proliferation.

When individuals are affected by cancer, they may exhibit a variety of symptoms, including unexplained weight loss, changes in bowel or bladder habits, persistent cough, fatigue, joint pain, abnormal bleeding, difficulty swallowing, and tenacious fevers, among other potential signs. If you observe any of these symptoms, it's crucial to seek guidance from a healthcare professional for a thorough evaluation and diagnosis. 

Given that cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, patients must seek expert guidance and treatment. When consulting with a doctor, it's important to discuss all available treatment options to make the best decision for your specific situation. 

Cancer treatments include various approaches. Radiation therapy is a commonly used treatment method where a targeted dose of radiation is aimed at cancerous cells to minimize damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Chemotherapy involves the use of a single chemotherapy drug or a combination of drugs to effectively target and reduce the number of cancer cells. Additionally, stem cell transplants are utilized to replace bone marrow cells that have been affected by cancer cells or by chemo/radiation therapy. The transplanted stem cells aid in restoring bone marrow and can develop into healthy working cells, helping combat the effects of cancer treatment. In some cases, transplanted stem cells also act as a means to eliminate cancer cells. Certain transplants not only rescue bone marrow but also help eradicate cancer cells, allowing normal blood cells to develop from the stem cells. As much as stem transplants look advantageous, there are long-term cons and drawbacks, such as signs of hemorrhage. Blood loss can occur after a stem cell transplant because the platelet count is very low, and it reduces the blood’s ability to clot, which can lead to lower levels of hemoglobin in the red blood cells, which ultimately leads to anemia. The therapy before the treatment can cause skin problems such as rashes, itching, and temporary hair loss. Infectious fever occurs when the body experiences a fever due to a low white blood cell count and a weakened immune system. This condition most commonly results from bacterial infections, although viral or fungal infections can also be the underlying cause. The risk of infection for all types of transplant is high until the bone marrow starts to make white blood cells. 

Another cancer treatment includes laser treatment, which is also used to treat cancer by targeting and destroying tumors with heat, followed by the activation of chemicals that kill cancer cells. While lasers can lead to quick healing times, many doctors lack experience in using them properly and maintaining strict safety precautions. It is important to note that cancer treatment should not be the sole focus in battling the disease. A comprehensive approach to cancer management involves not only treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation but also incorporates dietary considerations and regular exercise. This holistic approach can play a significant role in supporting the body's ability to fight cancer and can contribute to overall well-being during the treatment process. 

It's crucial to pay attention to diet and nutrition. Individuals undergoing treatment should focus on consuming a diet rich in fruits, fluids, protein, and dairy products. It's also recommended to have multiple small meals and snacks throughout the day instead of three large meals. It's important to choose foods that are high in calories and protein to support the body's needs during this challenging time. Considering specific dietary needs, it is important to incorporate plant-based proteins into the diet, as they provide essential vitamins and minerals. It's worth noting that many cancer treatments or the cancer itself can lead to nutrition-related side effects such as diarrhea, constipation, loss of appetite, and others. It is often recommended by medical professionals to engage in physical exercise while undergoing cancer treatment. 

By incorporating regular physical activity that involves body movement and muscle engagement, along with undertaking smaller physical tasks, individuals can support aerobic respiration within the body. It's essential to customize the intensity and form of exercise based on the specific type of cancer affecting an individual. However, integrating exercise into a daily routine can yield significant benefits by reducing fatigue, supporting mental wellness, improving physical capabilities, and ultimately enhancing the overall quality of life throughout cancer treatment. As technology continues to advance, there is hope that we will see the development of more advanced treatments for cancer, such as the use of nanorobots. 

Despite these advancements, finding an effective treatment for cancer remains a challenge. However, we remain optimistic that a solution will be found in due time. In the meantime, living with cancer is an incredibly challenging experience. Those battling cancer must strive to find simplicity and normalcy in their lives. The support of friends and family is crucial during these difficult times, as it helps to alleviate the loneliness and bitterness of the struggle. Finding solace and comfort in the words and warmth of family can provide a much-needed source of strength and reassurance.