January 29, 2025

Janessa Angela Alerre 

11th Grade

George Washington High School

Introduction

The rise of neural engineering and brain-computer interfaces sheds light on a better future by unlocking a world of possibilities in medicine and human enhancement. One notable instance of this rising potential is Noland Arbaugh, a 30-year-old man who was paralyzed from the shoulders down and is now able to control a computer cursor using his thoughts.

While working as a summer camp counselor at the Island Lake Camp, he experienced a swimming accident and suffered a severe spinal cord injury which led to quadriplegia. However, the rise of neural engineering and brain-computer interfaces brings new hope for a better future—particularly for individuals like Arbaugh—by unlocking transformative possibilities in medicine and human enhancement. 

What is Neural Engineering? 

Neural engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that seeks to use engineering techniques and knowledge to understand, repair, replace, or improve neural systems. It bridges the gap between the brain and technology, studying the nervous system, which consists of the brain, spine, sensory organs, and nerves. 

Neural engineers dedicate a significant amount of their time to problem-solving and harnessing their creativity. Their projects vary widely, ranging from studying neurological disorders and developing robotic systems to creating models of neurological activity, designing diagnostic tools, engineering biomedical technologies, and much more. They are problem-solvers who tackle complex challenges, constantly finding new ways to improve healthcare and advance current research.

What are Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI)? How Do They Work?

Although neural engineers are most notably known for their focus on solving problems related to the brain and nervous system, they also work on the development of brain-computer interfaces! Brain-computer interfaces are a direct communication link between a device and the brain’s electrical activity. These interfaces help people with disabilities as well as enhance communication between humans and computers.

So, how do they work? It’s quite fascinating, as BCIs are modeled by the brain’s natural electrophysiology. When we make a decision or even think of one, electrical chemical signals are triggered. This fascinating process occurs in our synapses, which are the gaps between neurons in the nervous system.

BCIs capture this brain activity by placing electrodes near these synapses, allowing them to detect electrical signals, and measure their frequency and intensity. Craig Mermel, President and Chief Product Officer at Precision Neuroscience, comments, “It’s like a microphone, but in this case, we’re listening to electrical activity instead of sound.” Furthermore, the information is fed through a local computer software, which begins a process known as neural decoding. 

Recently, researchers have been working on developing BCIs that allow people with paralysis to spell words on a computer screen and BCI-controlled robotic limbs that provide users with a sense of touch. These advancements give people with disabilities the chance to experience the world in new ways. However, BCIs are still being developed, and there are some concerns about their use.

Ethical Considerations in Neural Engineering and Brain-Computer Interfaces

Given that many technologies are now connected to the brain, it’s crucial that these systems secure and maintain privacy and security. Prior to users' consent to the use of neural technologies, a user should be fully aware of a technology’s potential risks and benefits. While BCIs spark hope for a better future, they are not 100% safe. Medical practitioners have a responsibility to thoroughly inform the users about all possible outcomes, including short-term and long-term effects. Also, these technologies must undergo rigorous testing to ensure their safety before being deployed for clinical use. 

Conclusion

The potential for neural engineering and brain-computer interfaces in our healthcare is exciting, offering new possibilities for a better world. From helping people with disabilities to bridging the gap between the nervous system and brain to technology, they are capable of transforming lives for the greater good. But, it is important that we are cautious and aware of the risks that come with any emerging technology. Ongoing developments provide new insight into a brighter future—one that brings us closer to a new era of medical innovation and advancement!